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Target: contribute to the formation of students' knowledge about artistic culture Ancient Greece.
Tasks:
Lesson type: formation of new knowledge
Lesson equipment: G.I. Danilova MHC. From the origins to the 17th century: a textbook for 10th grade. – M.: Bustard, 2013. Presentation, computer, projector, interactive board.
During the classes
I. Class organization.
II. Preparing to accept a new topic
III. Learning new material
The land of Ancient Hellas still amazes with its majestic architectural structures and sculptural monuments.
Hellas - this is how its inhabitants called their country, and themselves - Hellenes, named after the legendary king - the ancestor of Hellenes. Later this country was called Ancient Greece.
The blue sea splashed, going far beyond the horizon. Among the expanse of water, the islands were green with dense greenery.
The Greeks built cities on the islands. In every city there lived talented people who were able to speak the language of lines, colors, and reliefs. SLIDE 2-3
Architectural appearance of ancient Hellas
“We love beauty without whimsicality and wisdom without effeminacy.” This is exactly how the ideal of Greek culture was expressed by a public figure of the 5th century. BC. Pericles Nothing superfluous is the main principle of art and life Ancient Greece. SLIDE 5
The development of democratic city-states greatly contributed to the development of architecture, which reached special heights in temple architecture. It expressed the main principles that were subsequently formulated on the basis of the works of Greek architects by the Roman architect Vitruvius (second half of the 1st century BC): “strength, usefulness and beauty.”
Order (Latin - order) is a type of architectural structure that takes into account the combination and interaction of load-bearing (supporting) and non-supporting (overlapping) elements. The most widespread were the Doric and Ionic (end of the 7th century BC) and, to a lesser extent, later (end of the 5th – beginning of the 4th century BC) the Corinthian order, which are widely used in architecture up to our time. SLIDE 6-7
In a Doric temple, the columns rise directly from the pedestal. They have no decorations except fluted stripes and vertical grooves. The Doric columns hold the roof with tension, you can see how hard it is for them. The top of the column is crowned with a capital (head). The trunk of a column is called its body. Doric temples have very simple capitals. The Doric order, as the most laconic and simple, embodied the idea of masculinity and tenacity of character of the Greek tribes of the Dorians.
It is characterized by the strict beauty of lines, shapes and proportions. SLIDE 8-9.
The columns of the Ionic temple are taller and thinner. Below it is raised above the pedestal. The fluted grooves on its trunk are more frequent and flow like folds of thin fabric. And the capital has two curls. SLIDE 9-11
The name comes from the city of Corinth. They are richly decorated with plant motifs, among which images of acanthus leaves predominate.
Sometimes a vertical support in the form of a female figure was used as a column. It was called a caryatid. SLIDE 12-14
The Greek order system was embodied in stone temples, which, as you know, served as a dwelling for the gods. The most common type of Greek temple was the peripterus. Peripterus (Greek - “pteros”, i.e. “feathered”, surrounded by columns around the perimeter). On its long side there were 16 or 18 columns, on the shorter side 6 or 8. The temple was a room shaped like an elongated rectangle in plan. SLIDE 15
Athens Acropolis
5th century BC - the heyday of the ancient Greek city-states. Athens is becoming the largest political and cultural center of Hellas. In the history of Ancient Greece, this time is usually called the “Golden Age of Athens.” It was then that the construction of many architectural structures was carried out here, included in the treasury of world art. This time is the reign of the leader of the Athenian democracy, Pericles. SLIDE 16
The most remarkable buildings are located on the Acropolis of Athens. Here were the most beautiful temples of Ancient Greece. The Acropolis not only decorated the great city, first of all it was a shrine. When a person first came to Athens, he first of all saw
Acropolis. SLIDE 17
Acropolis means “upper city” in Greek. Situated on a hill. Temples were built here in honor of the Gods. All work on the Acropolis was supervised by the great Greek architect Phidias. Phidias gave 16 whole years of his life to the Acropolis. He revived this colossal creation. All temples were built entirely from marble. SLIDE 18
SLIDE 19-38 These slides show the plan of the Acropolis, with detailed description architectural and sculpture monuments.
On the southern slope of the Acropolis was the Theater of Dionysus, which could seat 17 thousand people. It played out tragic and comedic scenes from the life of gods and people. The Athenian public reacted lively and temperamentally to everything that happened before their eyes. SLIDE 39-40
Fine art of Ancient Greece. Sculpture and vase painting.
Ancient Greece entered the history of world artistic culture thanks to its remarkable works of sculpture and vase painting. Sculptures adorned the squares of ancient Greek cities and the facades of architectural structures in abundance. According to Plutarch (c. 45-c. 127), there were more statues in Athens than living people. SLIDE 41-42
The earliest works that have survived to our time are kouros and koras, created in the archaic era.
Kouros is a type of statue of a young athlete, usually naked. Reached significant sizes (up to 3 m). Kouros were placed in sanctuaries and on tombs; they had predominantly memorial significance, but could also be cult images. Kuros are surprisingly similar to each other, even their poses are always the same: upright static figures with a leg extended forward, arms with palms clenched into a fist, extended along the body. Their facial features are devoid of individuality: the regular oval of the face, the straight line of the nose, the oblong shape of the eyes; full, protruding lips, large and round chin. The hair behind the back forms a continuous cascade of curls. SLIDE 43-45
The figures of kor (girls) are the embodiment of sophistication and sophistication. Their poses are also monotonous and static. Steeply curled curls, intercepted by tiaras, are parted and fall down to the shoulders in long symmetrical strands. There is a mysterious smile on all faces. SLIDE 46
The ancient Hellenes were the first to think about what a beautiful person should be, and sang the beauty of his body, the courage of his will and the strength of his mind. Sculpture received particular development in Ancient Greece, reaching new heights in conveying portrait features and the emotional state of a person. The main topic The work of the sculptors was man - the most perfect creation of nature.
The images of people by the artists and sculptors of Greece begin to come to life, move, they learn to walk and slightly put their foot back, frozen in mid-step. SLIDE 47-49
Ancient Greek sculptors really liked to sculpt statues of athletes, as they called people of great physical strength, athletes. The most famous sculptors of that time are: Myron, Polykleitos, Phidias. SLIDE 50
Myron is the most beloved and popular among Greek portrait sculptors. Myron's statues of winning athletes brought him the greatest fame. SLIDE 51
Statue “Discobolus”. Before us is a beautiful young man, ready to throw a discus. It seems that in a moment the athlete will straighten up and the disc thrown with tremendous force will fly into the distance.
Miron, one of the sculptors who sought to convey a sense of movement in his works. The statue is 25 centuries old. Only copies have survived to this day and are stored in various museums around the world. SLIDE 52
Polykleitos was an ancient Greek sculptor and art theorist who worked in Argos in the 2nd half of the 5th century BC. Polykleitos wrote the treatise “The Canon”, where he first spoke about what forms an exemplary sculpture could and should have. Developed a kind of “mathematics of beauty”. He carefully looked at the beauties of his time and deduced proportions, observing which one could build a correct, beautiful figure. The most famous work of Polykleitos is “Doriphoros” (Spearman) (450–440 BC). It was believed that the sculpture was created on the basis of the provisions of the treatise. SLIDE 53-54
Statue of “Doriphoros”.
A handsome and powerful young man, apparently the winner of the Olympic Games, walks slowly with a short spear on his shoulder. This work embodied the ancient Greeks’ ideas about beauty. Sculpture has long remained a canon (model) of beauty. Polykleitos sought to portray a person at rest. Standing or walking slowly. SLIDE 55
Around 500 BC. In Athens, a boy was born who was destined to become the most famous sculptor of all Greek culture. He earned the fame of the greatest sculptor. Everything that Phidias did remains the hallmark of Greek art to this day. SLIDE 56-57
The most famous work of Phidias is the statue of “Olympian Zeus.” The figure of Zeus was made of wood, and parts from other materials were attached to the base using bronze and iron nails and special hooks. The face, hands and other parts of the body were made of ivory - it is quite close in color to human skin. Hair, beard, cloak, sandals were made of gold, eyes - of precious stones. Zeus's eyes were the size of an adult's fist. The base of the statue was 6 meters wide and 1 meter high. The height of the entire statue together with the pedestal was, according to various sources, from 12 to 17 meters. The impression was created “that if he (Zeus) wanted to get up from the throne, he would blow the roof off.” SLIDE 58-59
Sculptural masterpieces of Hellenism.
In the Hellenistic era, classical traditions were replaced by a more complex understanding of the inner world of man. New themes and plots appear, the interpretation of well-known classical motifs changes, and approaches to depicting human characters and events become completely different. Among the sculptural masterpieces of Hellenism one should name: “Venus de Milo” by Agesander, sculptural groups for the frieze of the Great Altar of Zeus in Pergamon; “Nike of Samothrocia by an unknown author, “Laocoon with his sons” by sculptors Agesander, Athenadore, Polydorus. SLIDE 60-61
Antique vase painting.
Just as beautiful as the architecture and sculpture was the painting of Ancient Greece, the development of which can be judged by the drawings decorating the vases that have come down to us, starting from the 11th–10th centuries. BC e. Ancient Greek craftsmen created a great variety of vessels for various purposes: amphoras - for storing olive oil and wine, kraters - for mixing wine with water, lekythos - a narrow vessel for oil and incense. SLIDE 62-64
The vessels were modeled from clay and then painted with a special composition - it was called “black varnish”. Black-figure painting was called black-figure painting, for which the natural color of baked clay served as the background. Red-figure painting was a painting for which the background was black and the images had the color of baked clay. The subjects for painting were legends and myths, scenes of everyday life, school lessons, and athletic competitions. Time has not been kind to the antique vases - many of them broke. But thanks to the painstaking work of archaeologists, some were able to be glued together, but to this day they delight us with their perfect shapes and the shine of black varnish. SLIDE 65-68
The culture of Ancient Greece, having reached a high degree of development, subsequently had a huge influence on the culture of the whole world. SLIDE 69
IV. Reinforcing the material covered
V. Homework
Textbook: chapter 7-8. Prepare reports on the work of one of the Greek sculptors: Phidias, Polykleitos, Myron, Scopas, Praxiteles, Lysippos.
VI. Lesson summary
1.Record and comprehend the epigraph of the lesson.
There are many glorious forces in nature,
But there is nothing more glorious than a person.
Sophocles
2. Design of the table throughout the lesson
3. Report from the 1st research group. Archaic.
Output and entry into a table.
These statues are always static, strictly symmetrical and frontal. Kuros stand in identical static poses, with one leg extended forward, arms extended along the body with palms clenched into fists. The kouros statues show the influence of monumental Egyptian sculpture.
They are always naked. Facial features lack individuality. Their faces are illuminated by a frozen, mysterious “archaic smile.” Archaic Apollos are always young - neither old age nor childhood attracts sculptors.
The depiction of kouros as equally young, slender and strong is the beginning of the Greek state program associated with the glorification of health, physical strength and the development of sports games. In the archaic period (VII–VI centuries BC), the educational value of art increases. For the ideal beauty created by art gives rise to a noble desire for self-improvement in a person. To quote Lessing: “Where beautiful statues were produced by beautiful people, the latter in turn impressed the former, and the state owed beautiful people to beautiful statues.” The purpose of art– the creation of beauty, which is equivalent to goodness, equivalent to the spiritual perfection of man.
4. Presentation by the 2nd research group. Classical period
Gradually, Greek sculptors overcame the convention of a fixed figure. A milestone in the history of Greek sculpture was the desire for a truthful depiction of a living moving figure. Myron was an innovator in solving the problem of movement in sculpture. The discus thrower (aka discus thrower) is captured at the moment when, throwing back his hand with a heavy disc, he is ready to throw it into the distance. Myron did not depict the “Discus Thrower” movement itself, but a short break, an instant stop between two powerful movements: a backswing and throwing the entire body and discus forward.
It is significant that in this statue, depicting a man in motion, the face of the discus thrower is calm and static. There is no individualization of the image. The statue embodied the ideal image of a human citizen.
Myron and Polykleitos were great masters of the classical style, their art is devoid of emotionality, the faces of athletes are devoid of individual features, they are not bearers of emotional life. Both masters depict Olympic winners in a generalized, idealized form. The dispassion of the heroes corresponds to the call that sounded in the verses of the poet Theognis of Megara: “Do not just show with your face that misfortune depresses you.” The spearman amazes with an expression of peace and inner strength in a perfect physical appearance. This is an image of a people who would be able to fight if they needed to defend their benefits. But for now the spear lies idle on Doryphorus’s shoulder.
Polykleitus achieved the sensation of hidden movement in a state of rest. He reproduced the natural spontaneous posture of a person.
The movement of the athlete in Miron (“Disco thrower”) is in the interval between two impulses – the backswing and the throwing of the entire body and disc forward.
In Polykleitos, the human body is in a state of slow walking. (Doriphoros is standing, but he is standing in a walking pose.) Polykleitos's ingenious invention was that with the help of a freely extended leg, he forced the entire body of the statue to move. The statue of a spearman amazed contemporaries with its natural pose. The figure was built in a cross shape. In fine art, this pose is called chiasmus. The oblique cross in the Greek alphabet is the letter X (chi). Hence the name of the principle: chiasmus. Chiasmus- a pose in which the transfer of the weight of the body to one leg is accompanied by a certain ratio: if the right shoulder is raised, then the right thigh is lowered, and vice versa. Cross-shaped symmetry arises.
5. Presentation by the 3rd research group. Late classic
- The famous “Apoxiomen” by Lysippos differs from “Doriphoros” by Polykleitos in its more dynamic pose (it seems that he is about to change his position) and elongated proportions. These are two canons from different eras. Lysippos violates the old, Polykleitan canon of the human figure in order to create his own, new, much lighter one. In this new canon, the head is no longer 1/7, but only 1/8 of the total height.
Doryphoros is impersonal, it is not a portrait of a specific person, but an image of a certain human type, an idealized image of a person. Lysippos' heroes become very similar to ordinary people. Even the image of an athlete, always covered in a halo of glory in Greece, is losing its former heroism. “Apoxiomenos” Lysippos is not a fighter whom the city honors and worships. And his gesture is everyday - after classes on the palaestra, he cleans off the sand stuck to his body with a scraper. Fatigue from extreme stress is visible in the athlete’s features. Finally, Apoxyomenos is individuality (an unruly crest on the top of the head, a scraper not in the right, but in the left hand).
Sculptures of Ancient Greece The art of Ancient Greece became the support and foundation on which the entire European civilization grew. The sculpture of Ancient Greece is a special topic. Without ancient sculpture there would be no brilliant masterpieces of the Renaissance, and the further development of this art is difficult to imagine. In the history of the development of Greek ancient sculpture, three large stages can be distinguished: archaic, classical and Hellenistic. Each one has something important and special. Let's look at each of them.
This period includes sculptures created from the 7th century BC to the beginning of the 5th century BC. The era gave us figures of naked young warriors (kuros), as well as many female figures in clothes (koras). Archaic sculptures are characterized by some sketchiness and disproportion. On the other hand, each work of the sculptor is attractive for its simplicity and restrained emotionality. The figures of this era are characterized by a half-smile, which gives the works some mystery and depth.
"Goddess with Pomegranate", which is kept in the Berlin State Museum, is one of the best preserved archaic sculptures. Despite the external roughness and “wrong” proportions, the viewer’s attention is drawn to the hands of the sculpture, executed brilliantly by the author. The expressive gesture of the sculpture makes it dynamic and especially expressive.
Classics The sculptures of this particular era are associated by most with ancient plastic art. In the classical era, such famous sculptures, like Athena Parthenos, Olympian Zeus, Discobolus, Doryphoros and many others. History has preserved for posterity the names of outstanding sculptors of the era: Polykleitos, Phidias, Myron, Scopas, Praxiteles and many others. The masterpieces of classical Greece are distinguished by harmony, ideal proportions (which indicates excellent knowledge of human anatomy), as well as internal content and dynamics. Hellenism
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
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EssayOutstanding sculptors of Ancient Hellas
Timergalina Alfina
Plan
Introduction
1. Sculpture of the Homeric period of the XXI-VIII centuries.
2. Sculpture of the 7th-3rd centuries.
Conclusion
Introduction
An increasing number of people are realizing that familiarization with the historical past is not only an acquaintance with the masterpieces of world civilization, unique monuments of ancient art, not only a school of education, but also a moral and artistic integral part of modern life.
The largest civilization ancient world was the ancient Greek civilization. The civilization had a developed culture.
It can be considered indisputably proven that class society and the state, and with it civilization, arose on Greek soil twice with a large gap in time: first in the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. and again in the first half of the 1st millennium BC. Therefore, the entire history of ancient Greece is now usually divided into two large eras: 1) the era of the Mycenaean, or Cretan-Mycenaean, palace civilization and 2) the era of the ancient polis civilization.
1. Sculpture of the Homeric period of the XXI-VIII centuries.
Unfortunately, practically nothing has reached us from the monumental sculpture of the Homeric period. Xoan was, for example, a wooden statue of Athena from Dreros, decorated with gilded plates depicting details of clothing. As for the surviving sculptural samples, small ceramic figurines from Tanagra dating back to the 7th century are of undoubted interest. BC e., but made under the clear influence of geometric style. It is interesting that the same influence can be traced not only in painted ceramics (which is not difficult to imagine: the figurines are simply painted with certain patterns or figures repeating in shape), but also in bronze sculpture.
2. Sculpture VII-III centuries.
In the 7th-6th centuries. BC. two types dominate in sculpture: a naked male figure and a draped female figure. The birth of the statue type of the male nude figure is associated with the main trends in the development of society. The appearance of relief is mainly associated with the custom of placing tombstones. Later, reliefs in the form of complex multi-figure compositions became an indispensable part of the temple entablature. Statues and reliefs were usually painted.
Sculpture and painting of Greece of the 5th century. BC. developed the traditions of previous times. The main images remained of gods and heroes. ancient greek sculpture statuary Homeric
The main theme in the art of the Greeks in the archaic period was man, represented as a god, a hero, an athlete. This man is beautiful and perfect, he is like a deity in strength and beauty, and confident authority is discernible in his calmness and contemplation. These are the numerous marble sculptures of the late 7th century. BC. naked rope boys.
If previously it was considered necessary to create an abstract embodiment of certain physical and spiritual qualities, an average image, now the sculptors paid attention to a specific person, his individuality. The greatest successes in this were achieved by Scopas, Praxiteles, Lysippos, Timothy, Briaxides.
There was a search for means to convey shades of the movement of the soul and mood. One of them is represented by Skopas, a native of Fr. Paros. Another, lyrical direction was reflected in his art by Praxiteles, a younger contemporary of Skopas (Aphrodite of Cnidus, Artemis and Hermes with Dionysus). The desire to show the diversity of characters was characteristic of Lysippos (statue of Apoxyomenes, “Eros with a bow”, “Hercules fighting a lion”).
Gradually, the numbness of the figures and the schematism inherent in archaic sculpture are overcome, Greek statues become more realistic. The development of sculpture is also connected in the 5th century. BC. with the names of three famous masters Myron, Polykleitos and Phidias.
The most famous of Myron’s sculptures is considered to be the “Disco Thrower” - an athlete at the moment of throwing a discus. The perfect body of an athlete at the moment of highest tension is Myron’s favorite theme.
The most famous, revered and incomparable sculptor of the period of mature (also called “high”) classics was Phidias, who led the reconstruction of the Athenian Acropolis and the construction of the famous Parthenon and other beautiful temples on it. Phidias created three statues of the Athenian patron goddess for the Acropolis. In 438 BC. e. he completed a twelve-meter statue of Athena Parthenos, specially made of wood, gold and ivory for the interior decoration of the Parthenon. In the open air, on a high pedestal, stood another Athena by Phidias - the bronze Athena Promachos ("Warrior"). The goddess was depicted in full armor, with a spear, the gilded tip of which shone so much in the sun that it replaced a coastal lighthouse for ships sailing to Piraeus. There was another Athena, the so-called Athena Lemnia, inferior in size to other works of Phidias and, like them, has come down to us in rather controversial Roman copies. However, the greatest glory, eclipsing even the glory of the Athena Parthenos and all other Acropolis works of Phidias, was enjoyed in ancient times by the colossal statue of Olympian Zeus.
Conclusion
A characteristic feature of early Greek culture was the amazing unity of its style, clearly marked by originality, vitality and humanity. Man occupied a significant place in the worldview of this society; Moreover, the artists paid attention to representatives of the most diverse professions and social strata, and to the inner world of each character. The peculiarity of the culture of early Hellas is reflected in the amazingly harmonious combination of motifs of nature and the requirements of style, which are revealed in the works of its best masters of art. And if initially artists, especially Cretan ones, strived more for decoration, then already from the 17th-16th centuries. Hellas' creativity is full of vitality. In the XXX-XII centuries. the population of Greece went through a difficult path of economic, political and spiritual development. This period of history is characterized by intensive growth of production, which created in a number of regions of the country the conditions for the transition from the primitive communal to the early class system. The parallel existence of these two social systems determined the uniqueness of the history of Greece in the Bronze Age. It should be noted that many of the achievements of the Hellenes of that time formed the basis of the brilliant culture of the Greeks of the classical era and, together with it, entered the treasury of European culture.
Then, over the course of several centuries, called the “Dark Ages” (XI-IX centuries), in their development the peoples of Hellas, due to still unknown circumstances, can be said to be thrown back to the primitive communal system.
The “Dark Ages” are followed by the Archaic period - this is the time of the emergence, first of all, of writing (based on Phoenician), then philosophy: mathematics, natural philosophy, then the extraordinary wealth of lyrical poetry, etc. The Greeks, skillfully using the achievements of the previous cultures of Babylon, Egypt, create their own art, which had a huge influence on all subsequent stages of European culture.
Nothing is known about monumental painting of the Archaic period. Obviously, it existed, but for some reason it was not preserved.
Thus, the archaic period can be called a period of a sharp leap in the cultural development of Greece.
The archaic period is followed by the classical period (V-IV centuries BC).
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...The origins of ancient sculpture in Ancient Greece. Outstanding sculptors of the Archaic era. Outstanding sculptors of the Classical era. Myron of Eleuther. The greatest Phidias and Polykleitos. Representatives of the late classics (Praxiteles, Scopas and Lysippos).
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Stages of development of Ancient Greek civilization. General character of late classical sculpture. Pythagoras of Rhegium is the most famous sculptor of the early classics. The statues of Athena Parthenos and Olympian Zeus by Phidias are the pinnacle of ancient Greek sculpture.
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The main features and moments of the development of ancient Greek culture and its elements. The development of ancient Greek civilization as an agricultural one. The emergence of unique forms of democratic governance in the developed centers of Ancient Greece. Mythology and history of Greece.
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The role of Ancient Greece and its culture in world history. Periods of development of ancient Greek culture. The essence of the Greek community-polis, the ways of its development. Athens and Sparta as two centers of ancient Greek civilization. Hellenistic era. Literature, art and philosophy.
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The essence of the archaic period, the origin of literary and written creativity, historiography. Creation of a unique library. Features of ancient Greek mythology, the pantheon of gods. The cult of Dionysus as the source of tragedy, the formation of the theory of literature.
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General characteristics of Etruscan civilization. Analysis of the development of writing, religion, sculpture, painting. Description of the achievements of ancient Greek culture. Identification of the areas of Etruscan culture on which ancient Greek culture had the greatest influence.
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The concept of ancient culture. Stages of development of the culture of Ancient Greece, its principles of worldview. The main features of the Cretan-Mycenaean culture (Aegean). Masterpieces of the Homeric period, works of art and architecture of the archaic era. Greek order system.
